Key Cosmology Experiments: Original Papers-Full Text. Part 1

Andromeda Galaxy M31

Andromeda Galaxy M31

One hundred years ago this Spring, the first article on galaxy Spectral-line Redshifts was published by Vesto Slipher which dramatically changed cosmology.

However, few have ever read this original paper, or the several other articles and books considered cosmology landmarks of past century.

These papers are so rarely read perhaps because to find them, it often takes quite a bit of effort and expense.  One sad result is that many of these important papers are seriously misunderstood; particularly about which topics were and were not actually discussed, and whether the papers reported on experiments or observations or were merely theorizing.

To help you clarify this for yourself here are a few primary cosmology papers for your intellectual appetite and entertainment.

Part 1 covers  Spectral Line RedshiftGalaxy Radial VelocitySpace CurvatureUniverse ExpansionLarge-scale Structure – Walls, Voids, Sheets and FilamentsPlasma CosmologyCosmic Microwave Radiation, ObservationalCosmic Microwave Radiation, AnalysisCosmic Microwave Radiation, Whole Sky MapNucleosysnthesisGalaxy Rotation Curves Interpreted as Missing Mass and Dark Matter, Steady State modelQuasi-Steady State modelOlbers Paradox, and General Relativity.

Redshift, Spectral Line:

The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula,” Slipher, Vesto (1913)

Even earlier, in 1895, a co-founder of Astrophysical Journal, James Edward Keeler, obtained redshifts for Saturn’s rings (A Spectroscopic Proof of the Meteoric Constitution of Saturn’s Rings) — essentially the first use of Doppler effect to measure astronomical object velocity.

Hubble's Original Redshift Graph

Hubble’s Original Redshift Graph

Galaxy Radial Velocity:

A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae,” Hubble, Edwin (1929) Note how this paper does not discuss Universe Expansion. (Hubble in part, used Slipher’s high quality 1913 redshift data.)

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Cosmic Microwave Radiation Surprise

(c) Copyright 2012 David Dilworth

3 Quarks SemiFinalist 2012

This article Voted 3-Quarks Daily Semi-Finalist 2012

COBE Satellite

COBE Satellite (Credit: NASA)

iPhone

iPhone-4 (Credit: Wikipedia)

What gives more detailed images (higher resolution) – an iPhone or the COBE satellite camera used to propel Big Bang into the leading Cosmology concept?

News Flash: (June 17, 2012) This article was just voted one of the best science blog articles of the past year at 3-Quarks Daily. Thank you for your votes.

Well lets find out by trying this puzzle: See if you can figure out what fairly well-known astronomical phenomenon this is a photograph of :

COBE Astrophotography Surprise

COBE Astrophotography Surprise

Here’s a hint. This first photograph of the mystery phenomenon is presented with the same angular resolution as the camera on the COBE satellite: Cosmic Background Explorer – Differential Microwave Radiometer (COBE-DMR).

(“Angular Resolution” simply means how much detail is in an image. A camera with more megapixels has a greater angular resolution; more resolution = more information.)

The COBE satellite’s data / images were described as “echoes of Big Bang” and used to first claim cosmic microwave radiation is purely from “background,” not from stars or galaxies or space dust or gas. COBE’s “background” radiation map was used to eliminate the “ Steady-State” cosmology – Big Bang’s popular competitor at the time.

Can’t see anything? Try this sharper version of the same image with a resolution identical to the best NASA technology (WMAP) for cosmic microwave radiation.

WMAP Astrophotography Surprise

Can you guess what it is yet? or is it still too obscure? Well, when you are ready – lets take a look at it with the resolution of an ordinary camera. Continue reading

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News: International Astronomical Union has no Definition for Big Bang

IAU has no Definition for Big Bang

(c) copyright 2011 David Dilworth

3 Quarks Daily Semi-Finalist Logo

3 Quarks Daily Semi-Finalist Logo

“…the [Big Bang] definition is a mess.” – Prof. P. James E. Peebles, Princeton University, Feb. 2011

News: (Carmel, California) The world’s most widely respected astrophysics organization, the International Astronomical Union (or IAU), has affirmed that it has no definition for any Big Bang model.

"IAU Continue reading

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Finally Restored – CosmologyScience was Hacked and then Hijacked

Let me apologize for the long hiatus since you’ve been able to use this website’s tools and references.

We had hosted this site on Godaddy, but their system was down so regularly I was getting ready to move it. Then Godaddy crashed  our website and lost everything including my online backups.

So we tried Hostgator – Aughh ! From Frying pan into the Fire.

At least our site was only crashed on Godaddy.
Hostgator increased the insult.

CosmologyScience.com was first hacked, then by the time I was alerted to it – it was hijacked to point to some Texas Credit Union.

I  do have off-line back ups, but personal demands kept me from restoring it until a few days ago. (it was also delayed because the backup software was buggy)

So let me apologize for the long delay, and yes I know there are many things that need updating.

And yes, new measures are in place to prevent hacking and make restoration easy and quick.

As always, you have my best wishes,

David

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Top Ten Big Bang Myths: Talk for NZ Dunedin Astronomical Society

Veil Nebula

Veil Nebula

I’m invited to give my talk “Top Ten Big Bang Myths” for New Zealand’s Dunedin Astronomical Society founded in 1910.

This is the newest version of the talk I gave at MIRA and Perth.

Media Release:

Dunedin NZ,  Feb 4, 2019: Dunedin Astronomical Society is hosting a free talk – Top Ten Big Bang Myths Feb 5th, 2019 at 8:00 pm, presented by visiting cosmologist and Editor of CosmologyScience.com, David Dilworth of Carmel, California.

“Big Bang is the most popular Cosmology model but it is widely misunderstood.Continue reading

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Top Ten Big Bang Myths: Talk for Astronomical Society of Western Australia

Veil Nebula

Veil Nebula

I’m invited to give my talk “Top Ten Big Bang Myths” for the Astronomical Society of Western Australia.

This is the newer version of the talk I gave at MIRA.

Cotteslo, WA, Nov. 7, 2018: Astronomical Society of Western Australia (ASWA) is hosting a free talk – Top Ten Big Bang Myths on November 12, 2018 8:45pm, presented by visiting cosmologist and Editor of CosmologyScience.com, David Dilworth of Carmel, California.

“Big Bang is the most popular Cosmology model but it is widely misunderstood.Continue reading

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MIRA Hosts Cosmology Talk: Top Ten Big Bang Myths

Here’s the notice of my next Cosmology talk, to which you are invited —

Top Ten Big Bang Myths

Monterey’s Institute for Research in Astronomy Club is hosting a free talk – Top Ten Big Bang Myths on August 2, 2018 7:30pm – presented by David Dilworth, Editor at CosmologyScience.com.

Big Bang is the most popular Cosmology model but oddly, it is widely misunderstood. Dilworth will illustrate and explain some of Big Bang’s biggest misapprehensions and what cosmologists actually believe. He will draw from his Glossary of Cosmology Principles which is among the most popular on the web.

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New Galaxy Redshift Distance Record (z=11) Seriously Threatens Big Bang models

Furthest Galaxy, GN-z11, at Redshift of 11.1

Furthest Galaxy, GN-z11, at Redshift of 11.1

A new record distance to a huge galaxy named GN-z11 has been observed and measured. It is dramatically farther than the previous distance holder. The constantly amazing Hubble Space telescope measured its distance spectroscopically at a Spectral line Redshift of 11.1.

“We’ve taken a major step back in time, beyond what we’d ever expected to be able to do with Hubble. We managed to look back in time to measure the distance to a galaxy when the Universe was only three percent of its current age.”Pascal Oesch, lead paper author.

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Gigantic Voids are Expanding and Shrinking

The Local Void: 150 million light years across (Credit: NASA)

The Local Void: 150 million light years across (Credit: NASA)

Very few researchers are studying our Universe’s largest structures, but here’s a nice analysis of Voids,  some of the largest structures “we’ve” found so far.

Voids are nearly spherical regions of our universe with few galaxies. They can be described as galaxies on the surface of soap bubbles. One void appears some 3.5 billion (that’s with a “B”) light years across. The largest one confirmed is called the Giant Void at 1.3 Billion light years across.

If you are like me (and most cosmologists), you might have assumed Voids were relatively stable.

Well, apparently not . . .

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Is the search for “Dark Matter” over ? Gigantic amounts of missing matter found hiding as faint Red Dwarf stars.

Proxima Centauri - Hiding Dark Matter

Red Dwarf Proxima Centauri – Hiding Dark Matter

Yes. The search for “Dark Matter” is over. Its been found thanks to the Dokkum and Conroy team.

We can all go celebrate, and then get back to work.

And it was staring us right in the face all along – as ordinary, but dim matter.

Admittedly it was fairly difficult for us to see.

Researchers have looked for Dark Matter for decades (MACHOs and RAMBOs). But their search lately was generally limited to looking for tiny matter; exotic sand grain size or smaller (WIMPs). Continue reading

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Accelerating Universe ? — Not so Fast*

Cop Giving “Exhibition of Speed” Ticket (excess Acceleration)

Cop Giving “Exhibition of Speed” Ticket (excess Acceleration)

Maybe the rush to embrace an Accelerating Universe and Dark Energy was a bit too hasty.

New analysis shows that the rulers used to measure Supernova 1A brightness curves were unknowingly measuring two different types of Supernova 1As (1) with two different brightnesses. The analysis also found the brighter types at larger distances. This, at least partially, nullifies both Acceleration and “Dark Energy.”

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Book Review: “The Higgs Fake: How Particle Physicists Fooled the Nobel Committee”

I’m painfully aware of abundant serious problems in physics of the largest phenomena, meaning “Standard” Cosmology-astrophysics (Big Bang/LCDM). Those include definitional and procedural problems, along with fundamental substantive errors and logical flaws likely created and nurtured by serious cognitive biases.

However, for some reason, I assumed that physics of the smallest phenomena, Particle physics, was a very different story.

Perhaps due to my indirect and limited exposure to it, I always imagined particle physics as a gold standard where proper physics experiments are conducted. After all they’ve got laboratories to look at things closely with immense control, while we have to struggle with totally uncontrollable, ancient phenomena, no closer than billions of miles away.

Concerning my nagging questions about particle physics, how all those ideas that just wouldn’t add up or make sense, I figured that particle physicists must know what they were doing, they were just dreadful at explaining their ideas . . .

Well . . . maybe not.

The Higgs Fake: How Particle Physicists Fooled the Nobel Committee by Alexander Unzicker, exposes my embarrassingly innocent belief that high energy particle research is built upon responsibly conducted experiments. This book, by an award-winning science writer, relentlessly exposes legitimate problems to the point where the credibility of high energy particle experiments almost fully evaporates and disappears.

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Do you need any Math Expertise to understand Cosmology Physics Principles ?

Mathematics, a veritable sorcerer in our computerized society, while assisting the trier of fact in the search for truth, must not cast a spell over him.

California Supreme Court ruling in overturning a criminal conviction based entirely on fraudulent use of statistics.

Is Mathematics a Priesthood ?

Is Mathematics Converting Cosmology into a Priesthood ? (Credit – Sydney Harris)

Let’s start with an analogy.

Question 1. Can you safely drive a car without understanding any mathematics of vehicle dynamics ?

A: Of course. Every day Hundreds of millions of people drive cars in full control and safety — without understanding any math.

Obviously they learned vehicle dynamics physics using a “language” other than math.

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New Cosmology Book: “Relational Mechanics and Implementation of Mach’s Principle with Weber’s Gravitational Force”

Relational Mechanics using Mach's Principle and Weber's Gravitational Force

Relational Mechanics using Mach’s Principle and Weber’s Gravitational Force

The perpetually fascinating Andre Assis has just published a new cosmology book entitled —

Relational Mechanics and Implementation of Mach’s Principle with Weber’s Gravitational Force” by Apeiron, Montreal, 2014. (542 pages, 26 Chapters, 3 Appendices, 340 figures and 595 references.)

The book presents a comparison between Newtonian mechanics, Einstein’s special and general relativity, and relational mechanics.

“Relational Mechanics” is a quantitative implementation of the ideas of Leibniz, Berkeley and Mach. This volume explains how to integrate those with Weber’s force law for gravitation and the principle of dynamic equilibrium.

It is a new formulation of mechanics intended to replace not only Newton’s classical mechanics, but also Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity.

The book discusses the differences between relative and absolute motion, inertial frames of reference, the distinction between the kinematic and dynamic rotations of the Earth, the principle of equivalence, and proportionality between inertial and gravitational masses.

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Dark Matter Fizzles Again

Andromeda Galaxy M31

Andromeda Galaxy M31

Dear Editor,

Reference: “Dark Matter Comes and Goes at April Meeting” – American Physical Society APS News. June 2013, Vol 22, #6, Pgs 1 & 7.

This article is a summary regarding Dark Matter at the American Physical Society April 2013 Astrophysical Conference in Denver Colorado. Various earlier reports regarding possible Mysterious Dark Matter detection all fizzled under scrutiny. But they will keep trying (as long as money is available).

Reference: “Gigantic IceCube Tightens Limits on Theories that Predict Dark-Matter Particles” by Schwarzchild, Physics Today, May 2013, pgs 14-16.

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Stunning Finding Supports Static Universe: 11 billion years ago we had same Ratio of Old (red) to New (blue) Galaxies

Galaxy Sample at 11 Billion Years ago

This image shows a “slice” of the Universe some 11 billion years back in time. The shape is that of the Hubble tuning fork diagram, which describes and separates galaxies according to their morphology into spiral (S), elliptical (E), and lenticular (S0) galaxies. On the left of this diagram are the ellipticals, with lenticulars in the middle, and the spirals branching out on the right side. The spirals on the bottom branch have bars cutting through their centers. The galaxies at these distances from us are small and still in the process of forming. This image is illustrative; the Hubble images used were selected based on their appearance. The individual distance to these galaxies is only approximate.
Credit: NASA, ESA, M. Kornmesser

A research team led by Bomee Lee of University of Massachusetts reported that ~11 billion years ago large galaxies had the same ratio of young (blue) to old (red) galaxies.

Galaxies can be objectively divided into two types: Blue means Young galaxies, and Red means Old ones. Young blue galaxies are rich in star formation, while red galaxies have little star formation. Continue reading

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The Universe’s children: Born as lively teenagers and older than their parents!

(c) Copyright 2013 Louis Marmet
The WMAP estimate of the age of the Universe, 13.77 ± 0.06 Gyr (billion years), is challenged once again by two recent publications. The study of a nearby star shows that it is older than the Universe.[1] The other study finds that starburst galaxies already existed one billion years after the Big Bang.[2] These new results add weight to the arguments that the Universe is much older than claimed by some cosmologists.

Methuselah Star (HD 140283) relative to our other neighboring stars

Methuselah Star (HD 140283) relative to our other neighboring stars. Credit: DailyGalaxy.com

The first study reports new measurements made on a star called HD 140283.[1] This “Methuselah” star, located only 190 light-years away from us, is estimated to be 14.4 ± 0.8 Gyr-old.[3][4]  The improvement in the estimate of its age results from a more accurately known distance to the star obtained from parallax measurements using the Hubble Space Telescope. The more accurate determination allows a better measurement of its absolute luminosity. Using the luminosity, the known composition of the star from spectroscopic data and temperature measurements, models of stellar formation allow a reevaluation of its age.

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Closing in on Higgs Boson Certainty, But “Standard Model Higgs” Remains Distant

A Higgs Boson? – Likely

Higgs boson trails

Higgs boson trails

“The preliminary results with the full 2012 data set are magnificent and to me it is clear that we are dealing with a Higgs boson though we still have a long way to go to know what kind of Higgs boson it is,” said CERN’s CMS Experiment Leader and spokesman Joe Incandela (a professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara) at a Particle Conference in Italia.

This is a bold step forward as, in the midst of last year’s Public Relations circus and media firestorm, Prof Incandela was brave enough to say “We don’t know if its a Higgs boson.”

However, some CERN physicists remain concerned that it is still too early to call the particle detection a “Higgs” until the evidence is totally irrefutable. This is in part due to a slight but persistent excess of gamma-gamma decays. They are not alone.
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Complex Computer Programs Weaken COBE Cosmic Microwave “Background” Claim

Rocket Explosion From Software Bug (Ariane 5)

Rocket Explosion From Software Bug (Ariane 5)

Oxymoron: “Bug-Free Software”

  • The $1.4 billion US Air Force B-2 bomber wouldn’t fly on its maiden flight — thanks to a software bug.
  • Later another B-2 bomber crashed and burned due to another software bug.

If debugging is taking bugs out of software – then programming must mean putting bugs in . . .” – Doug Goodall, Assembly Language Poet, 1989 (1)

This article is to let us ponder the complexity and potential flaws of computer programs used in astrophysics and cosmology.

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Why Don’t Three Quarks Add Up to One Proton? (and its not even close)

You’ve probably heard a thousand times that a Proton is made up of three Quarks: Two Up-Quarks and one Down-Quark. Right?

So lets just take a quick look to see how they add up.

OK – an Up Quark weighs in at 1.8 to 3.0 MeV/c2Million Electron Volts divided by the speed of light squared. That is its “rest-mass.”

and a Down-Quark weighs in at 4.5-5.3 (MeV/c2)

So Two Up Quarks ~ 3.6 to 6.0 MeV/c2

Added to One Down Quark ~ 4.5 to 5.3 MeV/c2

Total ~ 8.1 to 11.3 MeV/c2

Now a Proton weighs in at 938 MeV/c2.

Whoa ! That doesn’t add up. This means a Proton is more than 83 times heavier that the three quarks !

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Oldest Spiral galaxy BX442 supports Hubble’s belief: Redshift does not mean expansion

(c) Copyright 2012 Louis Marmet

Q2343-BX442: A false color composite image of galaxy BX442 generated with data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii. (Credit: David Law/Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics)

Q2343-BX442: A false color composite image of galaxy BX442 generated with data from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii. (Credit: David Law/Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics)

A team of astronomers have reported the discovery of the oldest spiral galaxy known so far. What makes this discovery interesting is that this grand-design spiral galaxy already existed 3 billion years after the Big Bang when the universe was too hot and chaotic to allow such a regular structure to survive long enough to be seen.

Usually, galaxies born this early after the Big Bang look clumpy and irregular. When the astronomers saw the regular spiral arms of this unusual galaxy, they studied it further with the Keck Observatory in Hawai’i. The results confirmed that grand-design spiral galaxies existed at a very early age of the universe.

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“We don’t know if its a Higgs boson” – yet Theorists rush to claim new physics ground

“There is something fascinating about science. One gets such wholesale returns of conjecture out of such a trifling investment of fact.” – Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi (1)

Gold Rush Prospectors

Gold Rush Prospectors

Q: What’s the difference between a religious fanatic and an extreme science “enthusiast” ?

A: I’m beginning to wonder.

Neither seems to understand that there are boundaries to science.

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Did CERN Find a Higgs ? Well not quite. But they probably found a New Particle ! and extended their funding for years

A proton-proton collision event in the CMS experiment producing two high-energy photons (red towers). This is what we would expect to see from the decay of a Higgs boson but it is also consistent with background Standard Model physics processes. © CERN 2012

A proton-proton collision event in the CMS experiment producing two high-energy photons (red towers). This is what we would expect to see from the decay of a Higgs boson but it is also consistent with background Standard Model physics processes. © CERN 2012

You might have seen the New York Times Headline on July 4th “Physicists Find Elusive Particle Seen as Key to Universe”

“I think we have it”

said Rolf-Dieter Heuer, the director general of CERN.

While CERN’s spokespeople were reasonably tentative in their description (they called it “Higgs-like”), they did not exhibit as much caution as the OPERA folks did when announcing the evidence for potentially faster than light Neutrinos. This time CERN went to a lot of skillful effort to make it a media circus – and succeeded.

But did they find a Higgs particle?

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Will a Higgs Boson Discovery be Announced in July?

Higgs Signature Concept - Credit Wikipedia

Higgs Signature Concept – Credit Wikipedia

Today I ran across lots of excited rumors on Particle Physics websites that a Higgs boson might be announced at the upcoming International Conference on High Energy Physics in Australia. (The Higgs Boson is a never-observed particle that allegedly “give mass” to particles essentially creating gravity forces.)

Should you place a bet that a Higgs particle has been found ?

My answer is closer to —

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Good Fun: For Two Years an Article here Voted One of Best Science Articles of the Year

Writing Award 2011 3 Quarks DailyWriting Award 2012 3 Quarks DailyFor the second year in a row an article from this CosmologyScience.com website was voted one of the best science blog articles of the year at 3-Quarks Daily. This is thanks to friends, colleagues and you readers.

This year articles from two authors on CosmologyScience.com were nominated:

 

Observation of two early yet mature galaxies: Rare objects or is Big Bang model inaccurate?” by the brilliant Louis Marmet of Canada’s National Research Council,

Mature Galaxies - Too Far and

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CERN’s Neutrinos – Now Obeying Speed Limit

Its official – no “Faster than Light” Neutrinos at CERN.

CERN (not OPERA) Research Director Sergio Bertolucci announced yesterday at a Japanese conference that they have re-run the Neutrino experiments on four different machines and all neutrinos seem to be obeying the speed limit.

“Although this result isn’t as exciting as some would have liked,” said Bertolucci, “it is what we all expected deep down. The story captured the public imagination, and has given people the opportunity to see the scientific method in action – an unexpected result was put up for scrutiny, thoroughly investigated and resolved in part thanks to collaboration between normally competing experiments. That’s how science moves forward.”

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